Putrefaction of tissue is caused by which process?

• A. Bacterial action
• B. Fungal contamination
• C. Viral infection
• D. Chemical degradation

Answer: (A)

Bacterial action drives putrefaction of tissue. After death, invading bacteria metabolize tissue components, producing enzymes that break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates and release gases that cause odor and softening. This microbial decay is distinct from autolysis, which is the tissue’s own enzymes digesting cells when fixation is delayed. Fungal contamination can contribute to decay later, but bacteria are the primary cause of putrefaction in routine histology. Viral infection does not drive tissue putrefaction, and chemical degradation is a non-biological process. Prompt fixation and proper handling help prevent putrefaction and preserve tissue morphology for analysis.